TFODn‐FOPI multi‐stage controller design to maintain an islanded microgrid load‐frequency balance considering responsive loads support

Abstract Modern electrical power system design will increase renewable energy sources (RES) dominance. Rotating masses, the main source of inertia in systems, have been greatly decreased producing systems. Thus, load–frequency equilibrium is an important indicator these systems' performance and safety. This work introduces a fractional‐order (FO) operator‐based cascade control structure for islanded microgrid (μG) load‐frequency (LFC). The utilizes tilt–FO derivative with filter (TFODn) first level to reduce noise. second implements proportional integral (PI) controller's FO form (FOPI), making it cascaded FOPI controller (TOFDn‐FOPI). optimal parameters quick dynamic responses low frequency fluctuation are determined using unique cost function prairie dog optimization (PDO) algorithm. LFC loops deviation‐based responsive loads (RL). Control signal delays, RES output changes, parameter uncertainties, cyber vandalism examined. Laboratory‐scale tests also assessed practicality. proposed outperforms standard type (PID) PD‐PI controllers. TFODn‐FOPI suitable complicated closed‐loop systems like μGs due its faster error clearing, reduced RL capacity, superior time domain indicators.